“When a CEO says to Congress, “Our industry relies on chemical X and we’re going to keep using it as long as our competitors do, so please ban it,” she creates a long-term path to stability and growth.

“1 selenium test for every 10 controller tests for every 100 model tests.

“Engines are usually designed bottom-up. First it is necessary to thoroughly understand the properties and limitations of the materials to be used (for turbine blades, for example), and tests are begun in experimental rigs to determine those. With this knowledge larger component parts (such as bearings) are designed and tested individually. As deficiencies and design errors are noted they are corrected and verified with further testing. Since one tests only parts at a time these tests and modifications are not overly expensive. Finally one works up to the final design of the entire engine, to the necessary specifications. There is a good chance, by this time that the engine will generally succeed, or that any failures are easily isolated and analyzed because the failure modes, limitations of materials, etc., are so well understood. There is a very good chance that the modifications to the engine to get around the final difficulties are not very hard to make.

The Space Shuttle Main Engine was handled top down, we might say. The engine was designed and put together all at once with relatively little detailed preliminary study of the material and components. Then when troubles are found in the bearings, turbine blades, coolant pipes, etc., it is more expensive and difficult to discover the causes and make changes.

“Programming is an art with three elements. The writing of comments is prose literature, aiming to tell the story behind the code. The formation of layout through whitespace is sculpture, seeking to show the code’s hidden structure. Finally, the choice of meaningful identifiers is almost stylized poetry: a type of creative communication through a few words adhering to a specific form.

“The enemy is not the common denominator, but the Tyranny of the Normal, when the unproductive hamstring the productive because their code is different or dangerous. Or when the productive abandon the unproductive, because they are hidebound and not focused on the real business problems.

“Our imagination fails us in three ways. It lacks detail, it tends to extrapolate from the present, and it over-estimates how bad bad things will feel once they have happened.

Use other people’s experiences to predict the future, instead of imagining it.